Was the Depression the Decisive Factor That Led to the Nazi essays

Was the Depression the Decisive Factor That Led to the Nazi essays Was the Depression the Decisive Factor That Led to the Nazi Seizure of Power? Many factors combined to make the Nazi seizure of power possible including, it has to be said, a certain amount of luck. Obviously in considering how the Nazis came to power there is the traditional split between long term and short term factors. This split has been a particularly contentious area of historical research in relation to Nazi Germany. Some of the more ridiculous pieces of historical writing, have attempted to prove that defects in the German character which predisposed Germans to Nazi rule can be traced as far back as Luther and beyond. A more sensible starting point for examining the origins of the Nazi movement is 1918 however. To say that the events of 1918 came as a great shock to Germans is probably an understatement. The war had been launched in a wave of patriotism, unity, and optimism in 1914, a moment Hitler regarded as one of the happiest of his life. In the East the war had gone particularly well for Germany, victory had seemed within her grasp. The defeat, armistice, and crushing terms of the Versailles settlement therefore left many Germans in a state of denial about the course of events. As a result many readily believed and found solace in various conspiracy theories that appeared. It was a conspiracy of world Jewry, and Germany had been 'stabbed in the back,' by traitors at home, while Germany's brave heroes remained undefeated at the front. One of the many caught up in the turbulent emotions and politics of the period was an obscure Bavarian Corporal called Adolf Hitler. After the war he was an 'education,' officer, to liaise between various political groups and the army. As a result of his job, he joined the NSDAP, and with the authority his public speaking abilities gave him, he rapidly rose in importance to become the undisputed party leader by 1921. This was Hitler's first positive step on the path to power. The exist...

Conventional Letter Salutations in English

Conventional Letter Salutations in English Conventional Letter Salutations in English Conventional Letter Salutations in English By Maeve Maddox A reader asks if a letter salutation can include more than one honorific. For example: Dear President Dr. Turner The short answer is, â€Å"not in English.†    The conventional letter salutations in English are these Dear Mr. Adams Dear Mr. and Mrs. Adams Dear Ms. Adams Dear Margaret Adams Dear Harry  (if you know the person well) Dear Dr. Adams Dear Dr. and Mrs. Adams When the name is unknown to the sender, the following are common salutations: To Whom It May Concern Dear Finance Officer Dear Editor Dear Sir or Madam The conventional English honorific for a man is  Mr. For a woman, even if her marital status is known, the preferred form is  Ms. For a medical doctor or a person with a PhD, the appropriate honorific is  Dr.    Note: British usage does not put a period after these abbreviations.    If the sender knows the recipient’s name but not the sex, a gender-neutral solution is to use the first and last name: Dear Cory Simpson Other languages have other conventions, including the practice of using more than one honorific. For example, in German, when addressing a professional like a doctor or a lawyer, a writer may use two honorifics: Sehr  geehrte  Frau  Rechtsanwltin  Fischer. (literally, â€Å"Very honored Madame Lawyer†)    Sehr  geehrter  Herr  Doktor  Strauss  (literally, â€Å"Very honored Mr. Doctor Strauss†) Foreign letter-writing conventions tend to creep into English in the context of foreign affairs. For example, I found the following usage on sites written in English: Dear President Dr.  Jakaya  Kikwete- Open letter to the president of Tanzania, published on the Greenpeace site.    Dear President Dr. Fischer- open letter to the president of Austria, published on the Human Rights Watch site. Such usage is not idiomatic in English. The writer must choose one title: Dear President Kikwete or Dear Dr. Kikwete Dear President Fischer, or Dear Dr. Fischer It’s up to the sender to decide which title is more desirable in the context. Related posts: How to Format a US Business Letter Starting a Business Letter with Dear Mr. â€Å"Dear Sir† and Other Business Conventions Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking55 Boxing IdiomsStarting a Business Letter with Dear Mr.

Malaya Political History Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Malaya Political History - Research Paper Example The Malay population, however, has been more involved in the cultivation of rice and has therefore contributed in a great way to the agricultural sector. They have formed a greater part of the rural population of Malaysia, a fact that has been tried to be altered by the Malaysian government through conscious social engineering, in an attempt to provide the Malays with more employment opportunities. 3. Since 1957 Malaysian politics has been governed by the politics of ethnicity. British colonial rule had encouraged large-scale Chinese and Indian immigration, which contributed to the social and economic deprivation of the Malays, the Muslim indigenous population. The United Malays National Organization, the most important component of the BN coalition, has always stressed Malay development as its priority. However, because of the number and political importance of the minority groups, it has needed to govern in close collaboration with parties representing Chinese and Indian community interests. ... 4. The policy of the Japanese government towards Islam in Malaysia was one that accorded respect to the freedom of the Malaysians to follow a religion of their own choice. However, on the ground, they were unable to follow their own policy as a result of the intolerance and insensitivity that their soldiers practiced while they were expected to enforce the policy of tolerance towards religion. They continually engaged in the consumption of alcohol in mosques and other such activities on premises that were considered sacred by Muslims. This resulted in anger on the part of the Muslims towards the Japanese forces, who had in any case caused great damage to the economy and lifestyle of the Malaysians. 5. The  United Malays National Organization is  Malaysia's largest political party which has played an important role in Malaysian politics since  independence. The  Pan-Malaysian Islamic Par is an  Islamist  political party  in Malaysia and is currently headed by Dato' Serià ‚  Abdul Hadi Awang. In rural peninsular Malaysia, and particularly the relatively poor northeast, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia has been the primary opposition party since 1977 when it split from the BN. Though ostensibly non-racial, its main support base lies among Malays who would like to see Islamic values implanted more firmly in the constitution and daily life. Though it failed to make significant impact at the federal level until the 2008 elections, PAS has controlled the Kelantan state government since 1990, and the wider challenge that it poses has contributed to UMNO adopting an increasingly Islamist stance in order to appease the pro-Islam sections of the population. 6. UMNO is generally regarded as the "protector and champion Malay supremacy, which states that

Ensuring Sustainability in Infrastructure Development Assignment

Ensuring Sustainability in Infrastructure Development - Assignment Example The objective of this study is to evaluate different forms of sustainable approaches that are practiced in different components of infrastructure development. Based on the analysis undertaken a pragmatic intervention across all the infrastructure development programmes in UK could be proposed. There are different ways in which the sustainability is currently addressed. It could be in the form of energy efficient construction where materials used for construction are prepared through the processes that consume very less quantity of energy. Every material used for construction demands certain amount of energy for its manufacture. Materials like cement and steel are the examples for high energy materials being used for construction. Thus making infrastructure development process more energy efficient demands optimum use these high energy materials. With energy crisis looming large it is essential that entire construction process need to be turned energy efficient. Another approach is to substitute the conventional building materials, like aggregates, with different alternate materials. This would also result in lesser dependence on scarce natural resources and also finds an alternate use for other wise waste by product. Implementing energy conservation measures in the buildi ng and other systems through innovative means could also make the design and construction of infrastructure elements both energy and environmental friendly. Methodology The methodology followed is the detailed analysis of the available literature on the sustainable practices at different places across the world. Various innovative practices adopted could be identified and a scenario analysis is undertaken to assess their viability in UK conditions. The possible policy level interventions in the transportation planning are also carried out. Based on the results obtained s strategy for effective implementation of sustainable development initiatives for infrastructure promotion schemes are proposed. Literature Review Energy efficient construction process The important guideline for the sustainable design of the building units is given by BREEAM guidelines. BREEAM refers to the Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method, which is the globally used method to improve and review the environmental performance of building (Article base, 2008). These methods could help to address the issues like high-energy use, large quantities of waste, poor comfort conditions for occupancy and very low user satisfaction by reviewing and improving the environmental performance of building. Further, these systems are also considered to have resulted in better environment indoors, high productivity, retention of staff and also attracting talented employees. The guidelines could also be followed in evolving regional transportation plan. The special emphasis given for cycle and motorways in some specific locations to ensure better mobility for masses and also to reduce pollutions is an example in this connection (Article base, 2008). A nother major intervention for energy conservation in the building is by configuring the walls with materials having appropriate thermal capacity values. In the case of walls the U value to be considered could be 0.22 Watts/m2K which could be achieved in the case of masonry walls by filling the fibre

Landscape, Spirit, and Music Essay Example for Free

Landscape, Spirit, and Music Essay Anne Boyd’s â€Å"Landscape, Spirit, and Music: An Australian Story† is a substantive view on the integration of the landscape of a distinct culture represented by aboriginal beliefs and traditions to Australia’s inimitable non-Indigenous music industry. Boyd said, â€Å"it is possible to see something of the significance of music in constructing an ‘inspirited’ relationship with landscape as part of a possible process of ‘aboriginalization’ which is slowly affecting all of Australia’s non-indigenous inhabitants. † Boyd sought to prove her assumptions by presenting various evidences in the works of famous Australian composers such as Ross Edwards, Peter Sculthorpe, and David Lumsdaine, including the artistry of Tommy Barrtjap as a musician. The landscape that Boyd was referring to with regards to the influences of some non-Indigenous Australian composers encompasses the history of Australia, the culture of its indigenous people, as well as the physical landscape or environment that makes the country matchless in beauty and whereiwthal. The history of Australia serves as the backdrop or milieu from which the composers were able to structure their unique, meaningful, and poignant music. Furthermore, the culture of Australia’s indigenous peoples becomes the inspiration for musicians or composers to create something exclusive and distinctive. Thus, the musicians and composers that Boyd mentioned in her discussions were able to create a kind of music that channels mysticism, spirituality, and the metaphysical, representative of Australia’s indigenous culture. Boyd said that â€Å"All three composers [Ross, Edwards Schulthorpe] have drawn upon birdsong, not literally, but in a mythical and ritual sense; birds thus become spiritual messengers linking human music and landscape. † The great influence of Australia’s history and the indigenous culture of its native inhabitants is expected, as argued by Schultz . Schultz said that the emergence of a unique and distinctive music is most likely, particularly in Australia because â€Å"the existence of diverse immigrant population, a sense of real or imagined isolation, insecurity about the presence of a national character†¦ unique natural features such as climate, geography and flora and fauna, a pre-existing and extant culture with a strong and individual civilization, high standards of education with concomitant levels of artistic self-awareness, and substantial government subsidization of artistic activity† are dynamic and influential factors that would encourage such devotion and revolution in making and producing music for the sake of art. Furthermore, Lim believes that the growing interest of non-Indigenous Australian musicians to the history of Australia and culture of its Indigenous peoples as landscapes to developing music has something to do with the stipulation of these composers to develop a unique kind of music and a pe rsonal identity as a musician or composer. Lim said â€Å"Aboriginal cultures continue to be used by artists as a marker of authenticity in the construction of an Australian identity of sense of nationality. † By and large, Boyd’s discussions as supported by the narratives and arguments presented by Schultz and Lim explicate the great weight or importance of Indigenous culture in Australia as well as its history in helping musicians and composers create music that represents nationalism and establish a unique and inimitable identity. Works Cited Boyd, Anne. 2007. â€Å"Landscape, Spirit and Music,† in The Soundscapes of Australia: Music, Place and Spiritually. Richards, Fiona (Burlington, VT: Ashgate), pp. 11-18. Lim, Liza. â€Å"Crossing Cultural Boundaries and Ecstatic Transformation,† Sounds Australian 26 (2006), 10-11. Schultz, Andrew. â€Å"Other Places, Whose Music? : Some Introductory Comments on Appropriation and Tradition,† Sounds Australian 20 (1991): 8-9.

Resisting Negative Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays

Do you remember the last time you wanted your mom or dad to buy you something? Did they have a look on their face like you just KNEW they wouldn't go for it? Did you try to change their mind? Did you say something like, "But everyone has one"? When you say that, you're really saying that you want to fit in with other kids your age, or your peers. No problem, even though that's just one way of fitting in. Why is fitting in, or belonging to a peer group, such a big deal anyway? Because we all have a need to be attached to other people and groups of people. It started when you were little, and you needed your mom, dad, or another adult to take care of you. Over the years, your attachment to them, and their bond to you, has grown stronger and stronger. Now that you are older, you can do a lot to take care of yourself, be more independent, and make more choices on your own. Some kids think that they have to push away their parents or other caring adults to "belong" to a group of friends. Do your friends own you? Of course not! You make your own choices, and are old enough to accept responsibility for them, along with their positive or negative consequences. The good news is that you can CHOOSE your actions and your friends, and still be close to your family. Some kids want to fit in so much with their peers that they will even choose to do things that they know are wrong. Some people call it "peer pressure" when friends try to make other friends do something wrong. I call it "peer choice," because you can choose who your friends are and what you do together. You know that "everyone else is doing it" is not an excuse to make a choice that hurts you or someone else. Let's say that a friend tells you that smoking cigarettes is really cool. "Here, try one." So now there's two voices in your head. One says, "I want to be cool and fit in. If I say no, everyone will think I'm weird." Another voice says, "Give me a break! Don't you know that smoking is stupid! No way anyone is going to make me do something that's bad for me What kind of a friend are you, anyway? Resisting Negative Peer Pressure :: Peer Pressure Essays Do you remember the last time you wanted your mom or dad to buy you something? Did they have a look on their face like you just KNEW they wouldn't go for it? Did you try to change their mind? Did you say something like, "But everyone has one"? When you say that, you're really saying that you want to fit in with other kids your age, or your peers. No problem, even though that's just one way of fitting in. Why is fitting in, or belonging to a peer group, such a big deal anyway? Because we all have a need to be attached to other people and groups of people. It started when you were little, and you needed your mom, dad, or another adult to take care of you. Over the years, your attachment to them, and their bond to you, has grown stronger and stronger. Now that you are older, you can do a lot to take care of yourself, be more independent, and make more choices on your own. Some kids think that they have to push away their parents or other caring adults to "belong" to a group of friends. Do your friends own you? Of course not! You make your own choices, and are old enough to accept responsibility for them, along with their positive or negative consequences. The good news is that you can CHOOSE your actions and your friends, and still be close to your family. Some kids want to fit in so much with their peers that they will even choose to do things that they know are wrong. Some people call it "peer pressure" when friends try to make other friends do something wrong. I call it "peer choice," because you can choose who your friends are and what you do together. You know that "everyone else is doing it" is not an excuse to make a choice that hurts you or someone else. Let's say that a friend tells you that smoking cigarettes is really cool. "Here, try one." So now there's two voices in your head. One says, "I want to be cool and fit in. If I say no, everyone will think I'm weird." Another voice says, "Give me a break! Don't you know that smoking is stupid! No way anyone is going to make me do something that's bad for me What kind of a friend are you, anyway?

Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory and the CSI Effect on Jurors Essay

The Maricopa County Attorney’s Office presented a study in 2005 in which it examined the impact of the so-called â€Å"CSI effect† to its jurors. The data was gathered by means of surveying prosecutors who had jury trial experience, and from there, the study assessed the samples’ perceptions as to whether the â€Å"CSI effect† had played a part in the decision of some juries. Interestingly, although the â€Å"CSI effect† may be deemed an unlikely factor, the study showed that the â€Å"CSI effect† is real and may affect jury behavior (Maricopa County Attorney’s Office, 2005). Television watching, as some media theories have discussed, can create a psychological impact to its viewers especially as it can inevitably serve as an educational source; however, the problem lies in what television can actually teach (Condry, 1989). The presence of the â€Å"CSI effect† in justice and legal systems can be deemed significant especially as to how this may affect the judgment of the members of the jury. The idea that certain television genres, especially along the lines of the highly popular crime drama Crime Scene Investigation (CSI), can affect certain trial outcomes may seem outrageous, but the â€Å"CSI effect† has been established as a ground that connects the real-life justice and legal systems and products of media and entertainment (Smith, Patry and Stinson, 2008; Stevens, 2008; Mardis, 2006). As the effectiveness of the justice system also relies on the effectiveness of its jurors, the impact of the media and entertainment products towards people in this context may be deemed problematic (Stevens, 2008). This is why it is important to evaluate the impact of the â€Å"CSI effect† because of its implications thereby highlighting the relationship between the law and mass communications. The term â€Å"CSI effect† is based on the popular television show Crime Scene Investigation (CSI) and other shows that present the following basic premise: the ability of an (fictional) authoritative group in crime and justice that can expose the truth based on their systematic and sophisticated processes. However, since these shows are made for televisions, it is inevitable that these processes are glamorized and may not be realistic at all. The â€Å"CSI effect† therefore pertains to the influence of such television programs to the perceptions and behavior of the people, especially in relation to the justice and legal systems (Smith, Patry and Stinson, 2008). Stevens (2008) further explains that the â€Å"CSI effect† is based on fictionalized accounts as to what forensic science can do but, due to the twisted conceptions of reality of some viewers, there is the inescapable belief that these components of the shows are something happens in real life. Among the media and communication theories that can serve as fundamental framework of this assessment is Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory. The theory suggests that information sources such as television contribute to the cultivation of the individual and the social environment; therefore, conceptions of reality are formed (Gerbner & Gross, 1976; Gerbner, 1998). This theory can then be based on the concept that stories, as projected, tends to reflect a certain extent of reality, therefore, they animate a society’s cultural environment. As Gerbner (1999, ix) explained the functions of stories, they â€Å"illuminate the all-important but invisible relationships and hidden dynamics of life†; as these stories represent a degree of shared beliefs, the cultivation of these tales and representations therefore create a significant input to the perceived reality of individuals. The Cultivation Theory is also further supported by several studies conducted by Gerber and his colleagues with a focus on the impact of television to real world perceptions. This brings an interesting premise as the projected reality is based on fictional work; the impact of the cultivation thereby leads to behavioral effects. Television shows, as Gerbner (1998) pointed out, are important marketing tools that have affected not only the people’s perceptions but also their identity and expectations from the society. The validity of television can be based on its function, being a source of information and spectacle representing the shared images and history across many societies (Gerbner, 1998). This paper therefore aims to evaluate the relationship of Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory with the â€Å"CSI effect†, especially as to how this has affected and may affect juror perceptions and judgments. This study addresses this thesis by conducting a review of a series of related literatures that are deemed integral to a better and cohesive understanding between this phenomenon and the theory of cultivation. The findings and implications discuss the degree of impact of the â€Å"CSI effect† and whether this is something that the justice system should seriously consider and devote effort to. Furthermore, approaches towards the Cultivation Theory are also addressed especially in terms of its applicability to the â€Å"CSI effect† and juror behavior. The study then concludes with an analysis on how the findings may actually help in the formulation of a more effective jury screening process. Review of Literature Gerbner’s Cultivation Theory, the Media, and the Television A series of studies conducted by Gerbner and his colleagues tackled the effect of the television and its contribution to the formation of reality among its viewers which are, interestingly, found to be similar to the world in these television shows. Functioning under the umbrella of the Cultivation Theory, the studies also initiated cultivation analyses and the identification of cultural indicators that were also deemed to contribute to reality- and perception-formation among television viewers. As Gerbner (1998) explained these processes, the activity was spawned from the previous examinations on how stories, in general, may be formed for the purpose of manufacturing and marketing purposes. Television is therefore seen as an important medium in story-telling, especially how technological innovations seem to have continuously supported the role of the television in the society. As Gerbner’s studies (1998, 1999; Gerbner & Gross, 1984; Gerbner, Gross, Morgan & Signorelli, 1984) have emphasized the role and importance of television, the origins of cultivation found its venue in this particular technology and social tool. This is because media messages can be easily accessed through television, therefore the cultivation of social reality may be based on what the media feeds its viewers. However, as Gerbner (1998) noted, although the television may be an important tool, it merely plays an integral aspect in the overall dynamics of information processes and conception-formation. This is to say that, for instance, a person may be a huge fan of CSI because of its entertainment value, but the same person is also well-aware that what he or she is appreciating is fiction and not necessarily real and factual. Hence, it can be gathered from the cultivation theory that although television plays an integral role, its effect is not absolute as people are continuously exposed to many channels of information and messages (Gerbner, 1998). The cultivation, on one hand, is seen to be more effective is the viewer is experiences a repeated exposure to particular television images (Gerbner & Gross, 1976). The definition of cultivation is thereby defined as â€Å"the independent contributions television viewing makes to viewer conceptions of social reality. The ‘cultivation differential’ is the margin of difference in conceptions of reality between light and heavy viewers in the same demographic sub-groups† (Gerbner, Gross, Morgan and Signorielli, 1994, 23). An analysis towards Gebner’s theory is presented by Hughes (1980) who presented some shortcomings in the studies presented by the former and his colleagues in the context of the effect of violence in television to the perceived reality. The initial cultivation theory studies conducted by Gerbner in the1970s generally made use of the following controls: age, sex and education. Hughes pointed out that there were more factors that could affect the responses of the sample that participated in the General Social Survey such as race and income. This shows that the applicability of the cultivation theory is limited; hence, how television content may cultivate certain conceptions among individuals may be more minimal impact than expected. One of the studies that applied the notion of cultivation theory is a study conducted by Shrum (1999) where the author measured attitude strength and attitude extremity as implications of Gerbner’s cultivation theory. Shrum’s initial approach to the study was to weigh in theories along the lines of Gerbner’s work and its critics such as those presented by Hughes (1980). Basically, the author agreed with the identified shortcomings of Gerbner’s work although the criticisms were mostly based on the process Gerbner and his team used. Shrum also pointed out that one of the probable weaknesses of Gerbner’s work was the identification of the two main categories of samples in addition to the previously identified controls of age, sex and education: participants who were heavy television viewers and those who were light television viewers. The main purpose of Shrum’s study was to evaluate the impact of television towards the attitudes demonstrated. Although Shrum showed that what could limit Gerbner’s work was the issue on the lack of efficient design, the author approached the study in a similar manner — by comparing the results between heavy and light viewers — as a means to identify differences. The categorization between the heavy and the light viewers would prove to be simplistic yet substantial in the author’s approach especially as the samples he used fell in the same demographic categories which were students. The study’s result showed that it reflected Gerbner’s cultivation theory; apparently, heavy television watchers were found to have the tendency to perceive a â€Å"television world† as compared to the light television watchers. The study examined students who watched soap operas, hence, from the results, the sampled heavy viewers were found to have the tendency to experience more distrust and possibly, more marital problems. Shrum (1999) utilized regression approaches and analyses in order to come up with this conclusion. A similar study can be also found in Quick’s (2009) assessment of variation among patient response as based on whether they watch the medical drama Grey’s Anatomy. The study found that patients who heavily watched the show are most likely to have positive associations in terms of their perceptions towards doctors. The perception, according to this study, is not necessarily based on the positive portrayal of the doctors but rather the show was seen as a credible reference to what happens in the hospitals and how doctors can be expected to behave in this space. Hence, despite the presence of both positive and negative portrayals of medical professionals, heavy viewers of this particular show count the courageous and compassionate aspects of the fictional characters, hence, the study found that these patient-viewers have a positive perception towards their physicians. Quick (2009) mentioned, however, that although this context does not necessarily provide harm, the problem is that the sensationalization of the show may further cultivate wrong or high expectations from patients. Quick (2009) further mentioned that the implications of such results can be used to communicate accurate depictions such as, in the case of Grey’s Anatomy, conveying important health-related information. In a sense, by using the fictional channel such as television, viewers are able to be more informed in important issues. This is discussed by Appel (2008) in which the television plays an integral role in just-world beliefs; as Appel mentioned, the cultivation of beliefs can be specially affective among those who heavily watch television. Appel (2008) supported this posit by conducting a comparison study between Austrian and German television viewers; the main purpose of this research was to determine the degree of just-world beliefs among television viewers. The study showed that fictional narratives can change the perceptions of the people, and interestingly, these narratives usually feature a world that is just. Basically, what can be attributed to this impact can be pointed at the content of the program. The effectiveness of these messages in the â€Å"television world† is due to the following factors: the stimulation of moral evaluation paired with the presence of resolution, and at the same time, the entertainment value of these programs (Appel, 2008). This is why, according to the author, heavy television viewers especially those who watch a lot of fictional narratives demonstrate a strong belief in a just-world as compared to viewers of infotainment and non-fiction where belief in the mean-world is seen to be more emphasized. From this, content evidently plays a role in the amount of influence to the viewers, but from this study, the fictional programs are seen to be a more effective venue in changing the beliefs of the viewers. When it comes to content, genre plays a very important role. An important point raised by Cohen and Weinmann (2000) is that the viewers themselves unconsciously â€Å"cultivate† themselves through television because the viewers choose which shows to watch. The selection can be based on many factors, from age, education, sex, personality and even life experiences. Since genres vary as based on content and certain plot norms, it can be gathered that social realities in these contexts also differ. Which is why, according to the authors, the view and representations on the world are not similar, and at the same time, these program contents may also present conflicting perspectives. Hence, in the aspect of cultivation, different attitudes and world-views can be formed; Shrum’s (1999) and Quick’s (2009) studies are only therefore applicable to the specific genres they focused on (soap operas and Grey’s Anatomy, respectively) and the results towards attitudes and viewer response may be different if the study evaluated viewer response towards different shows. Cultivation Theory and the Crime TV Genre When it comes to the cultivation impact in crime genres in television, Dominick (1973) examined Gerbner’s theory specifically his studies in cultivation when it comes to crime- or violence-related shows. Dominick mentioned that prior to Gerbner’s study published in 1972, there were already past studies as to the presence of crime-related shows as found on television. In fact, as the author mentioned, it was found that even in the majority of the television shows in the 1950s demonstrated many programs of this genre, and that law enforcers were already highly stereotyped. Dominick (1973) cited Gerbner’s previous study as a stepping stone to further analyze crime and violence on television; according to the author, Gerbner’s studies, which covered television shows in the later half of the 1960s, showed a significant amount of violence and crime on television yet, in reality, there was the noted decrease in violence among criminals but the law enforcers maintained a certain degree of violence. In reflection, Dominick noted that on television, the law enforcers were seen as the main authoritative figure that always saves the day. Hence, in agreeing with Gerbner’s study, Dominick’s analysis lead to further contribution as to the role of cultivation theory especially as to how the audiences are influenced on their stereotype perceptions, especially in crime- and violence-related shows. Stereotyping seems to be a common element in television crime shows especially as this genre play up certain norms when it comes to the supposed social reality of crime. What is interesting is that racial elements were found to be contributory to these portrayals. For instance, in a study by Dixon (2007), the author noted that responses from heavy television viewers of crime-related programs are most likely the ones to reflect a racial bias in the identification of the perpetrator and the police officer. This shows that even though fact-based programs such as the news present reality, as also adapted in fictional programs, there is the aspect of racialized portrayals. Hence, cultivation in this context has led to certain media imageries that have become a social reality based on the collective perception towards crime racial stereotypes. However, what challenges this is presented by a study conducted by Grabe and Drew (2007) in which the authors examined how crime in the media would actually successfully cultivate specific crime orientations. According to the authors, the study of crime in the media has been a prominent subject in studying cultivation. Grabe and Drew conducted a study among 505 selected adults located in Indiana, and from this, the study concluded that there was a significant variance depending on the many media genres and channels. Hence, the study showed that crime orientation among individuals may not be as strongly influenced by the media especially as viewers have different personal orientations that may affect their own worldviews. This is also reflected by a study executed by Diefenbach and West (2001) in which the authors tested the effect of cultivation theory when it comes to perceptions on violence and crime as seen on television. However, Diefenbach and West also showed results which point at the influence of light versus heavy viewers perceptions. The study showed that projections on crime rates are higher among heavy television viewers. On one hand, it should be also noted that in this study, as the authors pointed out, the samples were limited among the participants from a small North Carolina town with crime rates below the national average. The background of the participants can then be said to factor into perceptions, which is to say, for instance, that projections from samples from a small town may differ from those from the city who have a greater exposure to criminal incidences in their communities. Another variation of a study applying the cultivation theory in crime television is conducted by Heath and Petraitis (1987). According to the study, adapted perceptions projected from the â€Å"television world† were believed to be mostly realistic in distant settings and not in their immediate environment. The study concluded that the fear viewers feel towards crime are more apparent among viewers who see the possibility of such incidents in a distant urban setting rather than in their neighborhood. Basically, based on these applications of the cultivation theory in the crime genre, it can be observed that the varying results are due to the different impacts of many factors. It is evident that one of the crime genre norms is the utilization of stereotyped portrayals which, in the end, does lead the viewers to make certain conclusions thereby affecting their crime orientations. On one hand, other studies further look at the derivatives at the actual effect of crime television exposure among the viewers, and this shows that the cultivation theory is applicable only up to a certain extent. The validity of Gerbner’s cultivation theory still has to rely on the background of the viewers, the relevance of the show’s content to the viewers’ reality, and the amount of media exposure a viewer may have. Hence, it is possible that some viewers demonstrate a quintessential example or a manifestation of Gerbner’s cultivation theory, but as time went on and as can be seen in the more recent cited studies on audience response towards crime television, perceptions in this context are not homogenous. The impact of television towards perception and behavior can then be regarded on a case-to-case basis, especially as audience exposure is no longer limited to the offerings of television, in addition to the fact that there has been also the emergence of sub-genres among many other shows.

Literary Analysis Essay

To write a good story, not only ideas take place. You need to use literary devices in order to provide a good story. The best mentor to look up is Sue Monk Kidd. She used a lot of literary devices in her story which is called The Secret Life of Bees. The three main literary devices which she used throughout her story are: epigraphs, character development and allusions. â€Å"Heat would make a person do strange things.†(112).Specially we see this when is described Lily’s hard life without the main person of her, without her mother. Since her mother died she is an orphan and her father doesn’t care for her even though she has her nanny that loves her. Not only she needs her mother to care for her or love her, but also she needs her in daily life to help her going through her childhood and teenage problems that every single person goes through. The most common literary device which you will see, while you read the book are epigraphs. This is shown in the beginning of every chapter, giving the readers many hints and some sort of warning of what might be happening in the story. This is an optional device which you choose to use. But it put epigraphs to give you clues on what she will talk next. This is one example: â€Å"A worker [bee] is just over a centimeter long and weighs only about sixty milligrams; nevertheless, she can fly with a load heavier than herself.† –The Honey Bee (257) The Secret Life of Bees. This foreshadows you that the main character who is Lily, a 14-year-old girl, is carried too much responsibility on her shoulders, about what she’s going through. Other device that develops ones story, being the most important device in my opinion, is the character development. It pictures the things that the character goes through and how they change throughout the story, most of the characters change a lot during the whole book .Character development explains every detail, until the final touch that that character goes through. We see the main character Lily develops so much through this story. In the beginning we see her as an innocent girl, which she does everything to find out more about her mother. Last but not least†¦allusions. Why is it important to put them in your story? Allusions as you know, is the reference of something that has happened in history,that everybody knows about. If you put them in your story, you make  your story real. You make the readers feel it, actually live it. Sue Monk Kidd uses allusions to help you understand what is going on in more details. That’s what you should do. Some of the allusions which are very important to be named is where the author put in THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT. This automatically touches your brain by telling you that this was in the 60’s and that the colored people where fighting to win their rights. Also adding, it brings you that feeling that you think you’re living in the story, being able to relate in anyone’s everyday life. Another allusion is the WAILING WALL which May writes on it every time somebody dies. In conclusion to this, Allusions help the story by allowing the audience to relate and apply these reasoning’s in their lives. Briefly explained, the three literary devices which would be good to include in stories are: epigraphs, character development and allusions. This brings your story to a point that the reader believes they are actually living the story, feeling every single detail of it. So, all in all, literary devices increase more use of detailed writing and allows people to understand what is going on.

Values Worth Fighting For essays

Values Worth Fighting For essays When a country goes to war they are fighting to defend what they believe in. Each battle and every victim helps decide how the opponent will have to compromise at the end of the war. But why must they compromise? And how significant is every dead soldier when youre fighting for principle? The values I think that are worth fighting for are freedom, love and pride. These beliefs are inspired by three documents that prove the devotion of Americans to our country- The Gettysburg Address, and war letters sent home from George Rarey and Sullivan Ballou. Freedom is something we have been defending throughout American History. As said by Abraham Lincoln "...that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom-and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth" (Gettysburg Address, paragraph 1). Freedom as a response to democratic principle is a code thought to bring equality, which is essential to our success as a nation. Lincoln also proposed to dedicate a portion of their battle ground as a resting place for those who gave their lives so that the nation might live (Gettysburg Address, paragraph 4). He respected that those people were fighting for the continuing freedom of the people in our country. In the letter sent from George Rarey to his wife and newest child he was ecstatic and jubilant in knowing that he was now a father. Rarey had a family to dedicate himself to. "Im sort of delirious- today everything is special", he wrote (Rarey, Paragraph 5). And Rarey never made it back to know his son or experience the love of togetherness with your family. However, love is something he was trying to protect. His job was to help make a safer country for his son. And his family and generations from them have prospered from that. Love is something that keeps you motivated to continue fighting, a standard that is the foundation of families, and shared th ...

Saint Nick in France - a French Story with Translation

Saint Nick in France - a French Story with Translation Click here to access the story about the French Santa in French only. Click here to see how to best use my learn French in context stories. French Christmas Markets - Les Marchà ©s de Noà «l en France Camille est en voyage en Alsace, au nord-est de la France. Elle se promà ¨ne avec son amie Annie dans limmense marchà © de Noà «l de Strasbourg, ouvert de la fin du mois de novembre la fin du mois de dà ©cembre.Camille is traveling to Alsace, in the North-West of France. She is talking a walk with her friend Annie in the huge Christmas market of Strasbourg, opened from the end of November to the end of December. CamilleJadore lambiance de ces marchà ©s de Noà «l : tous ces petits chalets en bois, les dà ©corations de Noà «l, lodeur du vin chaud et des marrons grillà ©s†¦Ã‚  I love the ambiance of these Christmas markets: all these little wooden shacks, the Christmas decorations, the smell of hot wine and grilled chestnuts... AnnieOui, cest trà ¨s typique de la rà ©gion. Bien que ce soit une tradition qui sexporte maintenant dans le reste de la France : il y a maintenant plusieurs marchà © de Noà «l Paris.Yes, its quite typical of the region. Although its a tradition that is now being exported to the rest of France: there are now several Christmas markets in Paris. CamilleOui, il y en a un à ©norme sur lavenue des Champs-Elysà ©es, qui attire beaucoup de touristes.Mais, Annie, je dois te demander ; je vois partout ce personnage avec une grande barbe, mais    avec un drà ´le de chapeau avec une croix chrà ©tienne dessus. Cest un pà ¨re Noà «l alsacien ?Yes, there is a huge one on the Champs-Elysà ©es, which attracts many tourists. But Annie, I have to ask you; I see this character with a big beard everywhere, but with a strange hat with a Christian cross on it. Is he an Alsatian Santa? Saint Nick, Father Flog and Other Christmas Traditions in France Annie Presque ! Cest Saint Nicolas. Un personnage trà ¨s important chez nous, mais aussi en Lorraine, et dans beaucoup de pays de lest de lEurope : lAllemagne, la Suisse, le Luxembourg, la Belgique, les Pays-Bas, la Russie, la Pologne, l’Autriche†¦Dans La nuit du 5 au 6 dà ©cembre, Saint Nicolas passe dans les maisons pour apporter aux enfants sages des friandises (fruits secs, mandarines, gà ¢teaux, bonbons, chocolats et surtout de grands pain dà ©pices). Il porte une longue barbe blanche, une mitre et une crosse et un long manteau, souvent rouge. Il est accompagnà © du pà ¨re Fouettard : cest lopposà © de saint Nicolas. Daspect horrible et menaà §ant, il tient une verge pour fouetter les enfants mà ©chants...Almost! Its Saint Nicholas. He is a very important character in our region, but also in Lorraine, and in many Eastern European countries: Germany, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Belgium, The Netherlands, Russia, Poland, Austria†¦On the eve of December 6th, Saint N ick stops by houses to bring goodies to nice children (dry fruits, nectarines, cookies, candies, chocolates and above all big gingerbreads). He wears a long white beard, a miter and a crosier and a long coat, often red. He is accompanied by Father Flog: he is the opposite of Saint Nick. Looking terrible and menacing, he holds a whip to flog naughty children. CamilleCest un personnage rà ©el ?  Hes a real person? AnnieOui, Saint Nicolas de Myre, un à ©và ªque nà © en Turquie entre 250 et 270. Cà ©tait un à ©và ªque bienveillant, qui protà ©geait les veuves, les enfants et les personnes faibles. Pendant les Croisades, une relique de Saint Nicholas a à ©tà © rapportà © en France, et il est devenu le saint patron de la Lorraine. La là ©gende dit que Saint Nicolas a ressuscità © trois enfants tuà ©s par un boucher.Yes, Saint Nicolas from Myre was a bishop born in Turkey between 250 and 270. He was a benevolent bishop who protected widows, children and the weak. During the Crusades, a relic of Saint Nicholas was brought back to France, and he became the main saint of the Lorraine region. Legend says that Saint Nicholas brought back to life three children murdered by a butcher. Saint Nicks Story Continues on Page 2 French Santa Saint Nick Saint Nicolas - Continues from page 1 CamilleEt pourquoi ressemble-t-il tellement au pà ¨re Noà «l ?  And why does he look so much like Santa? AnnieCest le pà ¨re Noà «l qui lui ressemble ! Importà © aux États-Unis par les Hollandais, Saint Nicolas devient Sinterklaas, Santa Claus en anglais. En 1822, Clement Moore à ©crit le conte A visit From Saint Nicholas, aussi connu sous le nom de The Night Before Christmas. Saint Nicholas est maintenant Santa. Il a perdu ses attributs religieux, et au milieu du 19à ¨me sià ¨cle, le dessinateur amà ©ricain Thomas Nast lui donne limage daujourdhui. Il a encore sa grande barbe blanche, est habillà © de rouge et de blanc. Son chariot est tirà © par des rennes, et il habite maintenant au pà ´le nord. En 1930 et 1950, Coca-Cola utilise cette image dans ses campagnes publicitaires, et voil, Saint Nicolas devenu Pà ¨re-Noà «l.Well, its Santa who looks like him! Imported in the States by the Dutch, Saint Nicolas became Sinterklaas, Santa Claus in English. In 1822, Clement Moore wrote the tale A Visit from Saint Nicholas, also known  as The Night Before Christmas. Saint Nick is now Santa. He lost his religious attire, and in the middle of the 19th century, the American artist Thomas Nast gave him the look we know today. His sleigh is pulled by reindeer, and he now lives in the North Pole. Between 1930 and 1950, Coca-Cola used his image in their ads, and there you go,   Saint Nicholas has become Father Christmas. CamilleEt bien quelle histoire. Bon, moi je vais acheter un Saint Nicolas en pain dà ©pice pour ma fille Leyla, elle adore à §a !Wow, what a story. Well, Im going to buy a gingerbread Saint Nick for my daughter Leyla, she loves gingerbread! Je mets tous les jours des petites leà §ons, des conseils et des photos sur mes pages Facebook, Twitter et Pinterest - venez m’y rejoindre!I post mini lessons, tips, pictures and more daily on my Facebook, Twitter and Pinterest  pages - join me there! https://www.facebook.com/frenchtoday https://twitter.com/frenchtoday https://www.pinterest.com/frenchtoday/ Jai à ©crit beaucoup darticles et dhistoires sur Noà «l en France :I wrote many articles about Christmas in France: -  Quest-ce que tu fais pour Noà «l? Dialogue en franà §ais facile-  Christmas in France Dialogue - French English Bilingual Easy Story- 7 Must Know Facts About Christmas in France Christmas Vocabulary-  Qui est Saint Nicolas ? Dialogue en Franà §ais Facile-  Meet the French Santa - French English Bilingual Easy Story-  8 Gift Ideas for Your Francophile Friends-  Petit Papa Noà «l - The Most Famous French Christmas Song (with a link to a video of my daughter singing it!)-  My enunciated recording of the Catholic mass prayers in French Joyeuses fà ªtes de fin dannà ©e ! Happy Holidays!

Principles of economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Principles of economics - Essay Example Also called the transformation curve, the PPC's concept is used in macroeconomics to show the production possibilities available to a nation or economy and also in microeconomics to show the options open to an individual firm. All points on a production possibilities curve are points of maximum productive efficiency or minimum productive inefficiency: resources are allocated such that it is impossible to increase the output of one commodity without reducing the output of the other. That is, there must be a sacrifice - an opportunity cost - for increasing the production of any good. All resources are used appropriately and as completely as possible-without the situation becoming unsustainable (Wikipedia Website). In economics, countries, firms, and individuals have to make choices as to how to use or allocate their resources. Suppose a farmer has to make a decision on buying feeds. He has two choices BRAND A and BRAND B, which are similar in all aspects and differs only on the label. When the farmer decides to use BRAND A, he cannot use the same resources to buy BRAND B. The choices this farmer face and the opportunity cost of buying one good rather than another can be illustrated using a PPC graph. The graph will be a straight line. In this case, the curve represents efficiency and it sh... Let's change the other product to fertilizer. With the increasing cost of fertilizer, the farmer could not afford to buy the feed at exactly the same ratio as buying the same feed, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this case, the opportunity cost increases towards the extreme origin as illustrated in Fig. 2. If for instance, the farmer obtained a new technology in decreasing his usual usage of the fertilizer but with the same effect. This would mean that he could now increase the capital to be used in buying feeds. Thus, an outward shift will be seen in the PPC as illustrated in Fig. 3. In the study of the PPC, it is also of essence to elaborate on the determinants of supply which often causes the shifts of the supply curve. These are: Technology Factor Prices, Number of Suppliers, Expectations of the Future and the Environmental Conditions. A CHANGE IN QUANTITY SUPPLIED means that only the price has changed and a new quantity is supplied along a constant supply curve. A CHANGE (DECREASE OR INCREASE) IN SUPPLY or a SHIFT IN SUPPLY means that a change in amount supplied occurs because of a change (shift) in the position of the supply curve. This SHIFT IN SUPPLY means that one of the other determinants of supply (technology, resource prices, taxes or subsidies, expectations, and the price of other goods produced) has changed (Sosin, 2005). In Fig. 4, resource prices went up so that less is supplied at each price. This shift could also be called a DECREASE IN SUPPLY. 2. a. Rise of Prices of Wheat When the price of wheat is increased, it also means that the price of bread will increase proportionately, since wheat is a main ingredient of

My Middle School Life Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Middle School Life Experience - Essay Example I have seen my life here only in Korea and have enjoyed being the youngest in all siblings. People use to settle in this particular newly developed urban city due to two reasons. Firstly the poor use to establish them here, as it was not expensive states those days. Secondly, the rich people or the upper class uses to settle in this area to discover business ventures and to earn a lot of money. I was quite proud of being designated as upper class or elite citizen. This might seem frightening because now I was a tiny fish in a big pool, but keep in mind: all new incidents are fearsome at initial. If one has the correct approach and rock-hard info on what to anticipate, one can be a middle school specialist in no time. In middle school, I made up a large number of upper-class friends since the start of my school days. In my school, there was a categorized difference in the lower or poor class students and the upper or elite class. Classmates felt very proud if they had any elite classmate in their group. There was a marked difference in the treatment as well. ...I packed myself in a lot of social friends who belong to high-status families. In my own class, I was quite powerful to turn things in favor of me as I belonged to the top social category. I use to rule over my classmates. My ego was quite strong in my social behaviors and I use to talk to classmates of my set only and never use to talk even a bit too poor fellows. Some of these elite classmates were even junkies as if bullying poor classmates, buying expensive stuff, showing off, mocking, playing video games, having fun all the time with luxuries and not more serious about the studies. Most of them were not good graders even. When my poor fellows who were the top graders, tried to be friendly with me, I just harassed theme and passed bad comments of them being poor so badly that it would have been very insulting for them.  Ã‚   There was a girl in my class who belonged to lower social class, was quite studious and wanted to be my friend but never actually told me directly.